power point week 7

To complete this assignmen you have to read the case studi attached.
Women’s Health Case Studi
General Guidelines for Comprehensive Case Stud
You will complete the Aquifer case, Internal Medicine 14: 18-year-old female for pre-college physical, focusing on the “Revisit three months later” for this assignmen.
After completing the Aquifer case, you will present the case and supporting evidence in a PowerPoin presentatio with the following components:
Slide 1: Title, Student Name, Course, Date
Slide 2: Summary or synopsis of Judy Pham’s case
Slide 3: HPI
Slide 4: Medical History
Slide 5: Family History
Slide 6: Social History
Slide 7: ROS
Slide 8: Examinationn
Slide 9: Labs (In-house)
Slide 10: Primary Diagnosis and 3 Differential Diagnoses – ranked in priority
Primary Diagnosis should be supported by data in the patient’s history, exame, and lab results.
Slide 11: Management Plan: medication (dose, route, frequency), non-medication treatment, tests ordered, education, follow-up/referral.
Slide 12-16: An evaluation of 5 evidence-based articles applicable to Ms. Pham’s case: evaluate 1 article per slide.
Include title, author, and year of article
Brief summary/purpose of the studi
How did the studi support Ms. Pham’s case?
Coourse texts will not count as a scholarly source.If using data from websites you must go back to the literature source for the information; no secondary sources are allowed, e.g. Medscape, UptoDate, etc.
Slide 17: Reference List
asapnursing
ATTACHED FILE(S)
Internal Medicine 14: 18-year-old female for pre-college
physical
User: Ralph Marrero
Email: ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu
Date: May 9, 2022 8:42 PM
Learning Objectives
The student should be able to:
Describe and recall the HEEADSS mnemonic approach to adolescent counseling.
Obtain a history that differentiates among etiologies of dysuria.
Differentiate /distinguish signs and symptoms of lower versus upper urinary tract infection.
Recognize /recommend when to order diagnostic and laboratory tests in evaluation of dysuria, including urinalysis, wet prep,
and KOH stain.
Recommend appropriate treatment for uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis.
Describe current recommendations for cervical cancer screening.
Discuss safe sexual practices and efficacy of common methods of contraception.
Knowledge
HEEADSSS Approach to Adolescent Counseling
The HEEADSSS approach to adolescent counseling addresses the main categories of Home/health, Education/employment, Eating
disorders, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Safety/violence, and Suicide/depression. View examples of screening questions for the
HEEADSSS history.
One of the nice qualities about the HEEADSSS approach is that it starts with less threatening issues and proceeds to more
personal questions, so the interviewer has a chance to establish rapport before exploring sensitive, intrusive topics. Be sure to ask
questions in a nonjudgmental way, and avoid questions that can be answered with “Okay” or with a “Yes/No” (i.e., “Do you get
along with your mom and dad?”; “How are you doing in school?”; “Do you do drugs?”; “Are you sexually active?”).
Remember to avoid making assumptions about a teen’s behaviors. For example, don’t assume that your patient is heterosexual,
sexually active, or even dating.
Adolescent Interview—Safety
Violence
The leading causes of death in older adolescents are violent: suicide, injuries, and homicide. Bullying, family violence, sexual
abuse, date rape, and school violence are all common. Data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC)’s Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS) survey shows that in 2019, an average of 13% of high school students in the United States carried a
weapon to school during the preceding 30 days. Family violence and dating violence cross all economic and social boundaries.
Injuries
For some teens, school violence and guns are the major risks, and in others, sports injuries and injuries from wheeled vehicles are
more likely. It is important to address the use of seat belts and bike helmets with every adolescent.
Even though you address the safety issues most prevalent in the patient’s community first, do not skip any part of the history
based on assumptions about the patient’s ethnic background or economic status.
Vaccination Recommendations for Adolescents and Teenagers
Vaccine Information
COVID-19
There are multiple manufacturers of COVID-19 vaccinations. Some are given in a two-shot series and some
have approval for a third booster dose. They are highly effective at preventing COVID-19 and in preventing
severe disease.
© 2022 Aquifer, Inc. – Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) – 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 1/11
https://aqmedia.org/filestore/7/9/3/1_cf08ed5066efa65/1397_6d7c32b31bae154.pdf
https://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/App/Results.aspx?TT=B&OUT=0&SID=HS&QID=H12&LID=LL&YID=2019&LID2=&YID2=&COL=T&ROW1=N&ROW2=N&HT=QQ&LCT=LL&FS=S1&FR=R1&FG=G1&FA=A1&FI=I1&FP=P1&FSL=S1&FRL=R1&FGL=G1&FAL=A1&FIL=I1&FPL=P1&PV=&TST=False&C1=&C2=&QP=G&DP=2&VA=St&CS=Y&SYID=&EYID=&SC=DEFAULT&SO=ASC
Haemophilus
influenzae type b
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine protects against meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, and bacteremia
in infants and young children, but it is not recommended after the age of five years.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A vaccination is effective in preventing hepatitis A virus infection. The series of two to three
injections (depending on the type of vaccine) is recommended for adolescents if they did not receive them
when younger.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B vaccination is effective in preventing hepatitis B virus infection and its sequelae of cirrhosis and
hepatic carcinoma. The series of three injections is recommended for adolescents if they did not receive
them when younger.
Human
papillomavirus
There are two different human papillomavirus vaccines available. They vary in the number of strains of HPV
they protect against, ranging from four to nine, and can prevent most cases of cervical cancer and genital
warts. It is recommended for girls and females 9-26 years old.
​
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends the use of the HPV vaccine in males
11 or 12 years of age. ACIP also recommends vaccination in males ages 13-21 who have not been
vaccinated previously or who have not completed the three-dose series. ACIP states that males aged 22-26
years may be vaccinated, but does not recommend routine vaccination in this age group.
Influenza
The influenza vaccine is recommended for everyone who is at least six months old. It is usually administered
in September through December when the influenza season is imminent.
​
The H1N1 strain, or “swine” influenza, the predominant strain circulating in the U.S. since 2009, has high
rates of morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents.
Meningococcal
The meningococcal vaccine is given to prevent meningococcal meningitis. It is commonly given once at age
11-12 years during the routine preadolescent immunization visit with a booster dose at age 16 and is
recommended for all previously unvaccinated adolescents aged 11-18 years.
MMR
MMR is recommended in adults who have not been previously vaccinated as children. An exception to this
recommendation is the case of pregnant females, given concern for fetal transmission from a live virus
vaccine.
Pneumococcal
The pneumococcal vaccine is indicated for adolescents with certain chronic health conditions, including
immunocompromised state (including HIV, transplant status, and cancer), functional or anatomic asplenia,
CSF leaks or cochlear implants, diabetes, and conditions of the heart, lung, and liver.
Tetanus-diphtheria-
acellular pertussis
The tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine protects against tetanus, diphtheria, and
pertussis. It contains acellular pertussis vaccine (ap), which is less reactogenic than the older whole-cell
pertussis vaccine that caused high fever and neurologic symptoms when given to older children and adults.
Tdap, which was licensed in 2005, is the first vaccine for adolescents and adults that protects against all
three diseases.
​
Adolescents should receive a single dose of Tdap as a booster between the ages of 11 and 18, with the
preferred timing between 11 and 12 years. If a patient has received a Td booster, then waiting at least five
years between Td and Tdap is encouraged because the incidence of side effects is lower.
​
The exception to this rule is the case of type III hypersensitivity reactions*, where one should wait 10 years
between booster doses.
Varicella/chickenpox
The varicella vaccine series, which is a live virus vaccine, should be given to adolescents who have never
had chickenpox or have not received the vaccine.
​
Two doses are required, with the first administered at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years of
age. There is also a combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine (MMRV) available.
*Type III hypersensitivity reactions (Arthus reactions), which are characterized by immune complex deposition in blood vessels,
can rarely be seen following receipt of vaccines containing tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid. These reactions are characterized
by severe pain, swelling, and sometimes necrosis at the injection site and occur between 4 and 12 hours following vaccination. It
is recommended that patients who have had such a type III hypersensitivity reaction avoid receiving a tetanus toxoid-containing
vaccine more frequently than every 10 years.
© 2022 Aquifer, Inc. – Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) – 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 2/11
When a Pelvic Examination Is Indicated
Cervical cancer screening should start at age 21regardless of sexual activity and should continue through the age of 65.
There is recent evidence that screening for cervical cancer in females less than 21 years of age leads to potentially unnecessary
procedures and more harm than benefit. The frequency of cervical cancer screening with the Papanicolaou (Pap) test for
immunocompetent individuals with previously normal tests is once every three years or, for females ages 30-65 years, screening
with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing alone or in combination with cytology every five years.
STI Screening Recommendations
Current recommendations are for all patients age 15 to 65 years to be screened for HIV infection.
USPSTF also recommends screening all sexually active women and pregnant individuals age 24 years and younger for chlamydia
and gonorrhea. This is a B recommendation.
Test results for most STIs, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV etc. must be reported to the public health department.
Most Common Causes of Cystitis
E. coli causes a majority of all cases of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
Other common organisms include Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilisand Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Differentiating Cystitis from Pyelonephritis
It is important to make the distinction between cystitis and pyelonephritis because the treatment differs.
Cystitis Pyelonephritis
Clinical
manifestations
dysuria, frequency, urgency,
suprapubic pain, and/or
hematuria
may or may not have symptoms of cystitis together with fever (> 38 C) and
other systemic symptoms, such as chills, flank pain, costovertebral angle
tenderness, and nausea/vomiting
Urinalysis pyuria pyuria, white blood cell casts (pathognomonic)
Treatment
short-course antibiotic therapy
(three to five days for
uncomplicated cystitis);
hospitalization usually not
required
at least seven days of treatment;
hospitalization may be required
Dysuria in Males
Disease Presentation Diagnosis
UTI and
cystitis
Isolated acute cystitis is rare in males because their longer
urethra hinders bacteria from reaching the bladder, and prostatic
fluid has antibacterial properties.
Most males with acute cystitis have functional or anatomic
abnormalities, and need further evaluation.
Symptoms of lower and upper tract infections are the same in
males and females.
Midstream culture and sensitivity of the
urine
© 2022 Aquifer, Inc. – Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) – 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 3/11
Urethritis
Usually sexually transmitted gonococcal and/or chlamydial
infection.
Gonococcal urethritis is more likely in males with acute symptoms
and purulent urethral discharge.
Chlamydia is likely when dysuria is present alone or with minimal
discharge. Males with chlamydia infection may be asymptomatic.
Recommended that patients be treated presumptively for both
gonorrhea and chlamydia, pending results.
Herpes simplex virus is a rare cause of urethritis, but may be
suggested by the history of penile lesions.
Diagnosis can be made on a Gram
stain of a urethral swab.
Leukocytes and Gram-negative
intracellular diplococci confirm the
diagnosis of gonorrhea.
White cells without organisms
suggest non-gonococcal urethritis
(NGU) which is usually chlamydia
but can also be Trichomonas
vaginalis.
Because many outpatient offices
are not equipped to do Gram stains,
NAAT testing of the urethra or urine
is becoming the preferred diagnostic
test for gonorrhea and chlamydia.
Prostatitis
Acute prostatitis
Presents with UTI symptoms of fever, chills, dysuria, dribbling, and
hesitancy, and is caused by Gram-negative rods
(Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Proteus), Gram-positive
organisms (Enterococcus, S. aureus), and sexually transmitted
agents such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia
trachomatis.
Prostate is edematous and very tender on digital rectal
examination.
Chronic prostatitis
Characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms, perineal
discomfort, pain with ejaculation, and occasionally deep pelvic
pain that radiates to the back. The symptoms are often subtle and
sometimes may be absent, and the physical exam may be normal.
This diagnosis should be considered in males with recurrent UTIs
without risk factors.
Diagnosis can be difficult to make and
may require submitting urine specimens
gathered following prostatic massage for
microscopic urinalysis and culture.
Epididymitis
Patients with epididymitis present with dysuria, frequency,
urgency, and unilateral testicular pain.
Fever and rigors may be present and there may be redness and
tenderness of the entire affected testicle.
Testicular torsion should be considered in all cases, especially
when the patient is an adolescent and the onset is sudden.
Epididymitis in males < 35 years is usually caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae; in those > 35, enteric
Gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli) are the most common
causes.
If the diagnosis is questionable, color
duplex doppler scanning should be
obtained immediately.
Factors that Contribute to Complicated Urinary Tract Infections
Anatomic or
functional
abnormalities of
the urinary tract
Anatomic or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract lead to stasis and impede the free flow of urine,
promoting bacterial growth and causing complicated infections.
Hospital-acquired
Hospital-acquired urinary tract infections are considered complicated because patients are more
susceptible to developing infections with antibiotic-resistant organisms that are found in the hospital
environment.
Immunosuppressed
or recently treated
with antibiotics
Patients who are immunosuppressed or who recently have been treated with antibiotics are considered to
have complicated infections.
© 2022 Aquifer, Inc. – Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) – 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 4/11
Male
Urinary tract infections in males are complicated because they are commonly associated with bladder
outlet obstruction, instrumentation, or other urologic abnormalities. However, a small number of adult
males can develop uncomplicated UTIs. Risk factors associated with these infections are men having sex
with men, intercourse with a urinary tract-infected female partner, and lack of circumcision.
Pregnant Urinary tract infections in pregnant females are considered complicated because they can progress to andcan induce preterm labor.
Urinary catheter or
recent
instrumentation
Urinary tract infections in patients with urinary catheters or recent instrumentation are considered
complicated because they introduce external pathogens into the urinary tract and, in the case of indwelling
catheters, provide a nidus for bacterial growth.
Birth Control Options
Percentage of females experiencing an unintended pregnancy within the first year of use: United States
Method Typical use Perfect use
No method 85 85
Spermicides 29 18
Withdrawal 27 4
Fertility awareness-based methods 25
Standard days method 5
Two day method 4
Ovulation method 3
Sponge
Parous females 32 20
Nulliparous females 16 9
Diaphragm 16 6
Condom
Female (Reality) 21 5
Male 15 2
Combined pill and progestogen-only pill 8 0.3
Evra patch 8 0.3
NuvaRing 8 0.3
Depo-Provera 3 0.3
Combined injectable (Lunelle) 3 0.05
IUD
ParaGard (copper T) 0.8 0.6
© 2022 Aquifer, Inc. – Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) – 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 5/11
Mirena (LNG-IUS) 0.2 0.2
Implanon 0.05 0.05
Female sterilization 0.5 0.5
Male sterilization 0.15 0.10
Adapted from WHO Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (2015)
Male latex condoms:when correctly used with each episode of intercourse are the best protection against sexually
transmitted infections.
IUDs: can be considered for females at low risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, since sexually transmitted
infections may require removal of the IUD. Females with a history of PID can safely use the IUD with appropriate counseling.
IUDs can be used as long as the female is not planning a pregnancy for at least one year, since attempting a pregnancy
would require IUD removal. Females who have never been pregnant can safely use the IUD.
Post-coital contraceptives:(emergency contraception) initiated within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse reduce the
risk of pregnancy by at least 75%.
Management
First-Line Empiric Therapy for Cystitis
In large part, empiric choice of antimicrobial agents for uncomplicated cystitis depends on regional susceptibility patterns.
In most regions of the U.S., rates of resistance of E. coli to ampicillin and amoxicillin exceed 20%, which makes amoxicillin a
poor choice for empiric therapy.
In most areas, resistance rates for nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are less than 10%.
Therefore, these have become recommended first-line empiric therapy in the U.S. However, the rates of resistance to these
antibiotics vary by geographic region and can exceed 20% in some areas.
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin), in many areas, have favorable resistance profiles, but in some areas
resistance rates exceed 20%. Even if the resistance rates are < 10%, fluoroquinolone use can select for multidrug-resistant organisms (sometimes referred to as "collateral damage") and there are several “black box” warnings on fluoroquinolones due to some serious side effects. Therefore, fluoroquinolones should be considered alternative therapy and reserved for patients who do not tolerate or are not eligible to receive recommended first-line agents. Selected beta-lactam agents may be reasonable choices as well when other agents cannot be used. However, there is less data with these agents. The beta-lactams that could be considered for treatment in select circumstances based on local susceptibility data include amoxicillin-clavulanate, second-generation cephalosporins (cefaclor), third-generation cephalosporins (cefdinir and cefpodoxime), and, in some instances first-generation cephalosporins (cephalexin and cefadroxil). In the end, the final choice of antibiotic should depend on a variety of factors, including local susceptibility patterns, patient allergies, potential drug-drug interactions, recent antibiotic use, and renal function, among others. Recommended Dosing and Duration for Cystitis Therapy Nitrofurantoin monohydrate or macrocrystals should be dosed at 100 mg twice daily for five days. The efficacy of this regimen has similar efficacy to that of a three-day regimen of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a randomized-control trial. However, other recommended first-line agents have different recommended durations. See the table below for recommended durations of first- line agents. First-line antimicrobial regimens for use in acute uncomplicated cystitis in the United States. Drug Dose and interval Duration Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg q 12 hours 3 days Nitrofurantoin monohydrate macrocrystals 100 mg q 12 hours 5 days Fosfomycin trometamol 3 gm in a single dose 1 dose Recommended Therapy for Pyelonephritis © 2022 Aquifer, Inc. - Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) - 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 6/11 In patients with pyelonephritis, a urine culture with sensitivities should be sent in addition to a urine dipstick and microscopic urinalysis. Definitive antibiotic choice should be based on the results of the urine culture. For empiric therapy before the results of the urine culture are obtained, an oral fluoroquinolone is the first-line treatment if the local resistance rates are < 10%, as in this case. Fluoroquinolones provide high drug concentrations in the renal medulla. A longer course of at least seven days should be given for pyelonephritis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be used in pyelonephritis only if the culture and sensitivity results are available and if the infecting organism is known to be susceptible. Two-week regimens are generally advised when using trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. If trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is to be used prior to obtaining results of a urine culture, a single intravenous dose of a long-acting cephalosporin, such as ceftriaxone, should be given before starting the course of trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. Nitrofurantoin should not be used to treat pyelonephritis because adequate tissue levels in the kidney are not attained. Who Should Be Hospitalized For Pyelonephritis Patients who cannot maintain oral hydration or cannot take oral medicines should be hospitalized, as should those who have social circumstances or other factors that hinder adherence to therapy. Patients who appear septic, who are hemodynamically unstable, and who have any complicating factors should also be hospitalized. In many cases, people with diabetes should be hospitalized for parenteral therapy because they have worse outcomes, and diabetics have an increased risk of complications such as emphysematous pyelonephritis or abscess. Pregnant females should be hospitalized, because pyelonephritis is associated with an increased incidence of fetal complications and premature delivery. Preventing Recurrent UTIs 1. The first step in evaluating recurrent dysuria is to prove the patient is actually having urinary tract infections by urinalysis and urine culture. Dysuria could be due to atrophic vaginitis, genital herpes, interstitial cystitis, mechanical or chemical irritation, or urethritis. 2. The next step after proving recurrent cystitis is to ask the patient about risk factors and predisposing factors to complicating infections. These predisposing factors should be treated if present. 3. In patients without predisposing factors, some clinicians attempt behavioral and lifestyle modification. Because sexual activity is associated with recurrent infections, doctors often recommend that females void before and after sexual intercourse. This, and advice to wipe "front to back," increase fluid intake (including cranberry juice), and avoid full bladders, have not been proven to reduce the recurrence of infection, but they are benign maneuvers, and still make sense to many clinicians. 4. For post-menopausal females, topical estrogen normalizes the vaginal flora and reduces the risk of recurrent infection. 5. Especially if these conservative measures fail and the patient has at least three proven urinary tract infections per year or at least two in six months, antibiotic prophylaxis may be considered. Potential strategies include continuous prophylaxis, post-coital prophylaxis, and self-treatment. Rates of urinary tract infections do not differ significantly between continuous and post-coital prophylaxis. Post-coital prophylaxis will result in less antibiotic use than continuous prophylaxis with similar efficacy, especially if the infections are temporally related to sexual intercourse. Likewise, patient-initiated treatment upon developing symptoms can represent a cost-effective management strategy if infections are not severe and not frequent. The ultimate choice of agent for prophylaxis or treatment should depend on local susceptibility patterns and susceptibility patterns of the patient's prior urine cultures. Generally, the recommended duration of continuous prophylaxis is six months followed by observation for reinfection. Recommended Chlamydia Therapy First-line chlamydia therapy is a one-time oral dose of azithromycin 1 gramor a seven-day course of oral doxycycline 100 mg twice daily. The one-time regimen of azithromycin is preferred because of better adherence. Levofloxacin and ofloxacin are considered alternative treatment agents and require seven days of therapy. Studies Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines Age Recommendation © 2022 Aquifer, Inc. - Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) - 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 7/11 Under 21 Females under the age of 21 should not be tested, regardless of sexual activity. 21-29 Females between the ages of 21 and 29 should have a Pap test every three years with the liquid-based cytology technique.HPV testing should not be used in this age range unless it is prompted by an abnormal Pap result. 30-65 There are three options for screening females between the ages of 30 to 65: 1. "Co-testing" with the Pap test and a high-risk HPV test every five years, 2. Pap test alone every three years, or 3. High-risk HPV testing alone every five years. Over 65 Females older than 65 who have had negative Pap tests and documentation of adequate prior screening for the past 10 years are unlikely to have abnormal Pap tests with repeat testing so should no longer be screened. Screening should occur for 20 years after a pre-cancerous lesion is detected, even if testing continues after the age of 65. These guidelines apply to females without medical conditions or exposure that place them at a higher risk of cervical cancer. Females in the following groups should be screened more frequently (e.g. annually): those with HIV infection those who are immunosuppressed (i.e., patients with transplanted organs, on chemotherapy, or on chronic steroids) those with diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure before birth Recommended Pelvic Exam Tests in the Setting of Suspected STIs Microscopic examination of slide with drop of vaginal discharge and normal saline The saline-prepped or "wet mount" slide allows for diagnosis of Trichomonas and bacterial vaginosis. Microscopic examination of slide with drop of vaginal discharge and potassium hydroxide The potassium hydroxide slide is used to visualize budding yeast and hyphae that are seen with Candida vaginal infections. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis The best way to test for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea during a pelvic exam is nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. NAAT is a sensitive and specific assay and has replaced culture methods. It can be used on urine specimens as well. Smelling a slide with a drop of vaginal discharge and potassium hydroxide Placing a drop of potassium hydroxide on vaginal discharge is known as the whiff-amine test. The production of a fishy odor indicates a positive test. A positive whiff-amine test is seen in bacterial vaginosis. Tests not indicated: Gram stain in cervicitis is not sensitive enough to detect infection, although it is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in male urethral specimens. Culture of cervical specimens has largely been replaced by nucleic acid testing. Smelling a slide with normal saline is not useful. What to Look for on Wet Mount Slides In the case of trichomoniasis, wet mount slides reveal trichomonads, which are flagellated protozoans. The treatment is a single dose of 2 grams of metronidazole. Clue cells can also be seen on a saline slide and are characteristic of bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV, the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in females of childbearing age, is a condition characterized by reduced numbers of normal vaginal lactobacilli and overgrowth of other vaginal bacteria. Clue cells are epithelial cells entirely covered with these bacteria, giving the perimeter a "furlike" appearance. The treatment of BV is a course of metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for seven days. It is also useful to measure the pH of vaginal discharge. A pH greater than 4.5 is seen in trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and atrophic vaginitis. Diagnostic Tests for Cystitis Microscopic urinalysis Pyuria, defined as at least two to five leukocytes per high-powered field in a spun urine specimen, is present in almost all females © 2022 Aquifer, Inc. - Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) - 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 8/11 https://aqmedia.org/filestore/3/8/3/1_98fc1c8d9bb94ea/1383_c67c08eac5bcf69.jpg https://aqmedia.org/filestore/4/8/3/1_bb2141bde405ae5/1384_5dc177325b67bbf.jpg https://aqmedia.org/filestore/7/8/3/1_49a36942c38943e/1387_f553800f4422ff8.jpg https://aqmedia.org/filestore/8/8/3/1_ec9ab50eeb0bbb6/1388_e55750e6ce95cc5.jpg https://aqmedia.org/filestore/9/8/3/1_ea61f5ab3e58be5/1389_ae260088b857830.jpg with cystitis, and evaluation of midstream urine for white blood cells is the most valuable lab test for urinary tract infection. If white cells are not present in the urine, an alternative diagnosis should be considered. Urine dip stick In ambulatory settings, urine dipstick testing has largely replaced microscopy to confirm the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI), because it is cheaper, faster, and more convenient. Dipsticks detect the presence of leukocyte esterase and nitrite and have comparable accuracy to microscopic urinalysis in the diagnosis of cystitis. However, they may be negative in low-colony count infections (less than 104 colonies/mL). Therefore, patients should also have a microscopic urinalysis performed. Tests not indicated for diagnosis of cystitis Microscopic evaluation of the urine for bacteriuria is generally not recommended for acute cystitis because bacteria in low quantities (less than 104 colonies/mL) are difficult to find, even with Gram stain. Urine culture is not cost-effective and not necessary in females with cystitis, because the causative organisms and antibiotic sensitivities are predictable, and the results of the culture are not immediately available. There are certain situations when obtaining a urine culture is useful, such as in patients with refractory symptoms or those with a history of urinary tract infections with antibiotic-resistant organisms. Indications for Imaging or Urologic Evaluation in a Patient with a UTI Imaging studies and urologic referral are not indicated in the routine evaluation of young females with cystitis or pyelonephritis because they rarely uncover abnormalities that require treatment. However, in certain groups, further evaluation is recommended to exclude anatomic abnormalities and complications of pyelonephritis. Isolation of Proteus can be associated with urologic (struvite) stones so may require imaging, especially in patients with recurrent or refractory infections despite adequate antibiotic treatment. Recurrent pyelonephritis should prompt imaging to rule out nephrolithiasis or other urologic anomalies. Patients with pyelonephritis who remain febrile and show no clinical improvement within 72 hours on appropriate antibiotic therapy should have imaging to rule out obstruction or renal or perinephric abscesses. The presence of these complications often requires drainage and longer courses of antibiotics. Patients with suspected abnormality of the urinary tract. CT scan or renal ultrasound is recommended as a first step to rule out nephrolithiasis or obstruction prior to urologic evaluation in these circumstances. Urologic evaluation, including cystoscopy, should also be performed in those with persistent hematuria after infection has been eradicated. Clinical Reasoning Differential of Dysuria, Urinary Frequency, and Hematuria Most Likely Diagnoses Cervicitis with urethritis Several sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis can cause cervicitis with concomitant urethritis and dysuria similar to that seen here. Symptoms that occur gradually over several weeks are more likely with a sexually transmitted urethritis. Cystitis Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder caused most commonly by bacterial infection. A non-specific term often used interchangeably with cystitis is "urinary tract infection." Urinary tract infection can denote infection of any portion of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (pyelonephritis) or urethra (urethritis). Hematuria, urinary frequency, and dysuria are all common features of cystitis. Urinary frequency and dysuria can also be seen with urethritis, but hematuria is rarely seen with that condition. The presence of hematuria points to cystitis rather than urethritis in this patient. Note that fever is not seen with cystitis. When fever is present in the setting of urinary symptoms, pyelonephritis should be considered. © 2022 Aquifer, Inc. - Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) - 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 9/11 https://aqmedia.org/filestore/0/9/3/1_0b465e04afea831/1390_1f8b938d6453379.jpg Pelvic inflammatory disease Pelvic inflammatory disease, often called PID, is the name for a spectrum of disorders of the upper female genital tract, including endometritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and salpingitis. Often sexually transmitted infections are the source of PID, which can lead to infertility if not treated. Females with PID may have subtle symptoms, and physical exam findings of cervical motion tenderness and uterine or adnexal tenderness are important diagnostic features of PID. In addition to vaginal discharge, abdominal and pelvic pain are common in PID—more so than with the other diagnoses. Fever is variably present in PID, and is more likely in severe cases. Less Likely Diagnoses Bacterial vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis is a condition marked by increased malodorous vaginal discharge. It is caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring vaginal flora. It is not an inflammatory condition, therefore pain and burning are rarely seen. Sexual activity is a risk factor for bacterial vaginosis, but there is no clear evidence that it is transmitted sexually. Candidiasis Candidiasis is an often-neglected cause of dysuria and is perceived as pain or burning when urine comes in contact with an inflamed perineum or labia. A vaginal yeast infection may cause inflammation of the perineum and the urethral orifice, called "vaginitis," that leads to dysuria. This so-called "external dysuria" is most common with candida and trichomonas vaginitis, but it is also present in patients with genital ulcers from herpes simplex and in irritant vaginitis from soaps, hygiene products, condoms, and spermicides. Urinary frequency, urgency, or hematuria are symptoms related to the bladder and urethra. When present, they speak against the diagnosis of vaginitis. Interstitial cystitis Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by frequency, urgency, and dysuria. However, it is less likely to present with hematuria and is less likely to have such an acute onset. Nephrolithiasis Although nephrolithiasis can cause hematuria, it usually does not present with dysuria or urinary frequency. Pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney or upper urinary tract. Dysuria may be present, but is rarely the only symptom. Symptoms that suggest the diagnosis of pyelonephritis are flank pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and prostration, none of which is present here. Fever is usually present with pyelonephritis, but not always. References 2009 H1N1 Pandemic (H1N1pdm09 virus). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic- resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html. Published June 11, 2019. Accessed November 30, 2021. Albert X, Huertas I, Pereiró II, Sanfélix J, et al. Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; 3:CD001209. COVID-19 Vaccines for Children and Teens. Center For Disease Control (CDC) Site. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html Accessed August 26, 2021. FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) News Release. August 23, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine Accessed August 26, 2021. Final Recommendation Statement: Cervical Cancer: Screening - US Preventive Services Task Force. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/cervical-cancer-screening2. Accessed December 2, 2019. 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International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and © 2022 Aquifer, Inc. - Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) - 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 10/11 https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15266443 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/adolescents.html https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/cervical-cancer-screening2 https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e103-e120. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq257. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e103-20. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq257. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stamm WE. Short-course nitrofurantoin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2207-12. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.167.20.2207. High School Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) - 2019 Results. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 15, 2021. Hooton TM. Recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Int J Antimicrob Agents.2001;14:259-268. Kroger AT, Sumaya CV, Pickering LK, Atkinson WL. General Recommendations on Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60(2):1-60. Kulasingam SL, Havrilesky L, Ghebre R, Myers ER. Screening for cervical cancer: a decision analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Publication No. 11-05157-EF-1. Published May 2011. Accessed September 17, 2021. Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for HIV: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 2;159(1):51-60. Pneumococcal Vaccination: Who and When to Vaccinate. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html. Published August 7, 2020. Accessed November 30, 2021. Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Harris R, Starkey M, Denberg TD; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Screening pelvic examination in adult women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(1):67-72. US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for Gynecologic Conditions With Pelvic Examination: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017;317(9):947-953. USPSTF Bulletin. Task Force Issues Final Recommendation Statement on Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/chlamydia-gonorrhea-bulletin.pdf (PDF) Accessed November 30, 2021. World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization; 2015 © 2022 Aquifer, Inc. - Ralph Marrero (ralph2888@stu.southuniversity.edu) - 2022-05-09 20:42 EDT 11/11 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq257 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq257 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17998493 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.20.2207 http://app/Results.aspx?TT=B&OUT=0&SID=HS&QID=H12&LID=LL&YID=2019&LID2=&YID2=&COL=T&ROW1=N&ROW2=N&HT=QQ&LCT=LL&FS=S1&FR=R1&FG=G1&FA=A1&FI=I1&FP=P1&FSL=S1&FRL=R1&FGL=G1&FAL=A1&FIL=I1&FPL=P1&PV=&TST=False&C1=&C2=&QP=G&DP=2&VA=ST&CS=Y&SYID=&EYID=&SC=DEFAULT&SO=ASC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295405 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293327 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92546/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698354/ https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24979451/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28267862/ https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/chlamydia-gonorrhea-bulletin.pdf Internal Medicine 14: 18-year-old female for pre-college physical Learning Objectives Knowledge HEEADSSS Approach to Adolescent Counseling Adolescent Interview—Safety Vaccination Recommendations for Adolescents and Teenagers When a Pelvic Examination Is Indicated STI Screening Recommendations Most Common Causes of Cystitis Differentiating Cystitis from Pyelonephritis Dysuria in Males Factors that Contribute to Complicated Urinary Tract Infections Birth Control Options Management First-Line Empiric Therapy for Cystitis Recommended Dosing and Duration for Cystitis Therapy Recommended Therapy for Pyelonephritis Who Should Be Hospitalized For Pyelonephritis Preventing Recurrent UTIs Recommended Chlamydia Therapy Studies Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines Recommended Pelvic Exam Tests in the Setting of Suspected STIs What to Look for on Wet Mount Slides Diagnostic Tests for Cystitis Indications for Imaging or Urologic Evaluation in a Patient with a UTI Clinical Reasoning Differential of Dysuria, Urinary Frequency, and Hematuria References